Posledn\u00e9 roky sa \u010dasto stret\u00e1vame so snahou poslancov miest a\u00a0obc\u00ed, pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkov Mestsk\u00fdch pol\u00edci\u00ed, alebo \u010dlenov \u0161kolsk\u00fdch r\u00e1d presadi\u0165 in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu syst\u00e9mov priemyselnej telev\u00edzie do verejn\u00fdch priestorov. A\u00a0\u017eia\u013e, niekedy nielen verejn\u00fdch. T\u00e1to snaha je zd\u00f4vod\u0148ovan\u00e1 \u00fadajn\u00fdm pozit\u00edvnym vplyvom kamerov\u00e9ho doh\u013eadu na zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u00farovne zlomyse\u013en\u00e9ho konania v\u00a0sledovanom priestore. Neradi komuko\u013evek kaz\u00edme rados\u0165, no mus\u00edme si prizna\u0165, \u017ee zrejme nejestvuj\u00fa relevantn\u00e9 \u0161tatistick\u00e9 \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 by d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom preukazovali, \u017ee sledovanie pomocou priemyselnej telev\u00edzie naozaj zni\u017euje zlo\u010dinnos\u0165. Ako to teda je? <\/i><\/p>\n
Americk\u00fd advok\u00e1t Noam Biale, \u010dlen\u00a0 programu ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union<\/a>). nap\u00edsal s\u00fahrnn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eWhat Criminologists and Others Studying Cameras Have Found\u201c. \u010cl\u00e1nok prin\u00e1\u0161ame v\u00a0plnom preklade, i s\u00a0kr\u00e1tkym koment\u00e1rom. <\/i><\/p>\n Po\u010det miest a obc\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 investuj\u00fa peniaze da\u0148ov\u00fdch poplatn\u00edkov do sledovac\u00edch kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov st\u00e1le rastie. Podobn\u00fd trend je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorova\u0165 aj u\u00a0\u0161k\u00f4l, ktor\u00e9 predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee in\u0161tal\u00e1ciou kamier zn\u00ed\u017eia \u201ez\u00e1\u0161kol\u00e1cke\u201c sp\u00f4soby svojich \u017eiakov. A\u00a0starostovia mnoh\u00fdch miest a\u00a0obc\u00ed, spolu s n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edkmi Mestsk\u00fdch pol\u00edci\u00ed, si priemyseln\u00fa telev\u00edziu osvojili priam ako politick\u00fd program. Ale len m\u00e1lo z nich podrobne sk\u00fama n\u00e1klady a\u00a0pr\u00ednosy t\u00fdchto invest\u00edci\u00ed, rovnako ako ani nevytv\u00e1raj\u00fa mechanizmy pre porovnanie t\u00fdchto n\u00e1kladov a\u00a0pr\u00ednosov v\u00a0priebehu \u010dasu. Jestvuje nieko\u013eko v\u00fdskumov, ktor\u00fdch snahou bolo vedecky vyhodnoti\u0165 spr\u00e1vanie sa sledovan\u00fdch os\u00f4b v\u00a0priestoroch, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pod doh\u013eadom kamier. Ni\u017e\u0161ie uv\u00e1dzan\u00fd s\u00fahrn nazna\u010duje, \u017ee sledovanie pomocou videa nem\u00e1 \u017eiaden \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed vplyv na mieru kriminality<\/b>.<\/p>\n Na za\u010diatok si ujasnime n\u00e1zvoslovie. Dia\u013ekov\u00fd monitoring, ktor\u00fd je vykon\u00e1van\u00fd pomocou zosn\u00edmania \u017eiv\u00e9ho obrazu a\u00a0jeho prenosu v\u00a0re\u00e1lnom \u010dase na centralizovan\u00e9 pracovisko doh\u013eadu a\u00a0paralelne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou aj na z\u00e1znamov\u00e9 zariadenie, m\u00e1 v\u00a0odbornej literat\u00fare i\u00a0technick\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch r\u00f4zne pomenovanie. Asi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie je pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v\u00fdraz \u201eSyst\u00e9m priemyselnej telev\u00edzie\u201c (v skratke PTV, anglicky \u201eClosed-circuit television\u201c – CCTV). Pre zjednodu\u0161enie sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj v\u00fdrazy \u201ekamerov\u00fd z\u00e1znam\u201c, \u201ekamerov\u00fd syst\u00e9m\u201c, \u201ebezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 kamery\u201c alebo \u201evideodoh\u013ead\u201c. V\u0161etky tieto n\u00e1zvy s\u00fa v\u00a0podstate spr\u00e1vne.<\/p>\n Pod\u013ea normy STN EN 50132-7 CCTV syst\u00e9m m\u00f4\u017eeme definova\u0165\u00a0 ako syst\u00e9m obsahuj\u00faci zostavu kamier, zobrazovacie a\u00a0in\u00e9 zariadenia, nevyhnutn\u00e9\u00a0 pre prenos sign\u00e1lu, uchovanie z\u00e1znamu a obsluhu cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Z\u00e1kladnou funkciou kamerov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je zabezpe\u010di\u0165 nepretr\u017eit\u00e9 multiplexn\u00e9 nahr\u00e1vanie, sprostredkovanie inform\u00e1cii z jednotliv\u00fdch videokamier do pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho monitorovacieho centra, pr\u00edpadne dia\u013ekov\u00e9 ovl\u00e1danie kamier, prenos poruchov\u00fdch a\u00a0 poplachov\u00fdch stavov.<\/p>\n Niektor\u00e9 subjekty s\u00fa povinn\u00e9 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 z\u00e1znam priemyselnej telev\u00edzie na z\u00e1klade z\u00e1kona. Typicky s\u00fa to napr\u00edklad banky. Tu v\u0161ak treba zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee d\u00f4vodom nie je prevencia, ale naopak – represia. Je ve\u013ekou chybou m\u00fdli\u0165 si tieto dva pojmy… Z\u00e1znam kamerov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu\u00a0 samozrejme m\u00f4\u017ee prispie\u0165 ku z\u00edskaniu d\u00f4kazov a\u00a0dolapeniu p\u00e1chate\u013eov, ale tvrdenie, \u017ee kamerov\u00fd syst\u00e9m efekt\u00edvne p\u00f4sob\u00ed ako prevencia trestn\u00fdch \u010dinov nie je ni\u010d\u00edm in\u00fdm, ne\u017e fabul\u00e1ciou.<\/p>\n Zrejme najrozsiahlej\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie o\u00a0video monitoringu boli vykonan\u00e9 vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii, kde s\u00fa bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 kamery doslova v\u0161adepr\u00edtomn\u00e9. \u0160t\u00fadie, ktor\u00e9 boli zadan\u00e9 zo strany britsk\u00e9ho Ministerstva vn\u00fatra, dospeli k\u00a0r\u00f4znym v\u00fdsledkom, pokia\u013e sa porovn\u00e1vali jednotliv\u00e9 kamerov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my izolovan\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Av\u0161ak najlep\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie v\u017edy kombinuj\u00fa v\u00fdsledky z\u00a0viacer\u00fdch miest sledovan\u00fdch kamerami a\u00a0viacer\u00fdch kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov v\u00a0porovn\u00e1vacej, tzv. \u201emeta-anal\u00fdze\u201c, ktor\u00e1 t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom eliminuje anom\u00e1lie.<\/p>\n Dve hlavn\u00e9 meta-anal\u00fdzy vykonan\u00e9 pre britsk\u00e9 ministerstvo vn\u00fatra poukazuj\u00fa na fakt, \u017ee kamerov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nem\u00e1 \u017eiaden vplyv na p\u00e1chanie akejko\u013evek trestnej \u010dinnosti<\/b>. V\u00a0USA s\u00fa kamerov\u00e9 monitorovacie syst\u00e9my viac r\u00f4znorod\u00e9, na r\u00f4znych \u00farovniach funk\u010dnosti, s\u00a0r\u00f4znym \u00fa\u010delom pou\u017eitia. Vzh\u013eadom na to existuje menej nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed. Ale predbe\u017en\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie, napr\u00edklad v\u00a0Kalifornii, nazna\u010duj\u00fa podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, ako britsk\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia.<\/p>\n Ofici\u00e1lna britsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1dna spr\u00e1va sa opiera o\u00a0vyhodnotenie v\u00fdsledkov hlavn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed monitorovac\u00edch obrazov\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov vykon\u00e1van\u00fdch v\u00a0obdob\u00ed od roku 2000 do roku 2008. Sk\u00fama k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 meta-anal\u00fdzy z\u00a0Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie, sumarizuje hlavn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my pri ur\u010dovan\u00ed dopadu video doh\u013eadu na zlo\u010dinnos\u0165 a\u00a0popisuje predbe\u017en\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie vykonan\u00e9 v\u00a0USA. Z\u00e1very t\u00fdchto \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed by mali by\u0165 prinajmen\u0161om s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou diskusi\u00ed o\u00a0in\u0161tal\u00e1cii syst\u00e9mov priemyseln\u00fdch telev\u00edzi\u00ed.<\/p>\n Meranie a hodnotenie \u00fa\u010dinnosti verejn\u00e9ho kamerov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je zlo\u017eit\u00e1 vec ,, preto\u017ee v\u017edy sa n\u00e1jde mno\u017estvo faktorov, ktor\u00fdmi sa d\u00e1, mnohokr\u00e1t i\u00a0subjekt\u00edvne, vysvetli\u0165 n\u00e1rast, alebo pokles kriminality. Ak chceme pouk\u00e1za\u0165 jednoducho na n\u00e1rast, alebo pokles po\u010dtu hl\u00e1sen\u00ed o\u00a0pr\u00edpadoch krimin\u00e1lnej \u010dinnosti v\u00a0oblasti sledovanej pr\u00edslu\u0161nou kamerou, je potrebn\u00e9 vzia\u0165 do \u00favahy aj v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 trendy trestnej \u010dinnosti, hl\u00e1senia o\u00a0pr\u00edpadoch, rozmiestnenie policajn\u00fdch jednotiek, osvetlenie, ale najm\u00e4 \u2013 to najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie \u2013 potenci\u00e1lny presun trestnej, nez\u00e1konnej, zlomyse\u013enej \u010dinnosti do oblast\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 pod doh\u013eadom kamier nie s\u00fa.<\/p>\n Konkr\u00e9tne nieko\u013eko faktorov, ktor\u00e9 skres\u013euj\u00fa, alebo sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa komplik\u00e1cie pri posudzovan\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti syst\u00e9mov priemyselnej telev\u00edzie:<\/p>\n Odsun<\/b> \u2013 odsunutie nekalej \u010dinnosti komplikuje pokusy o\u00a0meranie vplyvu monitoringu na \u00farove\u0148 kriminality, preto\u017ee to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee porovn\u00e1vacia oblas\u0165 by nesmela by\u0165 bezprostredne ved\u013ea oblasti z\u00e1beru kamery. Napr\u00edklad pri poh\u013eade na jednu \u0161tvr\u0165 s\u00eddliska a porovnanie po\u010dtu l\u00fape\u017en\u00fdch prepadov v jednotliv\u00fdch z\u00f3nach tejto \u0161tvrte by sa mohol niekto opr\u00e1vnene domnieva\u0165, \u017ee ak po\u010det prepadov v\u00a0susedstve sledovanej oblasti narastie, pri\u010dom priamo v\u00a0sledovanej oblasti poklesne, bol kamerov\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd a\u00a0prispel ku zn\u00ed\u017eeniu po\u010dtu prepadov. Av\u0161ak rovnako by sa dalo logicky tvrdi\u0165, \u017ee umiestnenie kamier na ur\u010dit\u00e9 budovy v skuto\u010dnosti iba odsunulo prepady do okolit\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, no celkov\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 kriminality nezn\u00ed\u017eilo. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed skuto\u010dne iba na uhle poh\u013eadu, nie na \u00fadajoch. V kone\u010dnom v\u00fdsledku m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 mimoriadne \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9, ak\u00fdko\u013evek odsun v\u00f4bec preuk\u00e1za\u0165.<\/p>\n Skreslenie premenn\u00fdch<\/b> \u2013 bolo by nepresn\u00e9 porovn\u00e1va\u0165 efektivitu kamerov\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov z konkr\u00e9tnych miest zjednocuj\u00facim poh\u013eadom. Napr\u00edklad, uzatvoren\u00e9 priestory, ako s\u00fa parkovisk\u00e1, maj\u00fa tendenciu prin\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 lep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky, ako vonkaj\u0161ie priestory. Okrem toho \u010fal\u0161ie faktory, ako je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 policajn\u00e1 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 a\u00a0lep\u0161ie sveteln\u00e9 podmienky v\u00a0sledovanom priestore, s\u0165a\u017euj\u00fa hodnotenie \u00fa\u010dinnosti opatren\u00ed. V mnoh\u00fdch anal\u00fdzach, ktor\u00e9 na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead vyzeraj\u00fa, \u017ee dokazuj\u00fa efektivitu kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, nie je jasn\u00e9, \u010di mali pozit\u00edvny vplyv kamery s\u00fa\u010dasne s lep\u0161\u00edm osvetlen\u00edm, alebo \u010di u\u017e samotn\u00e9 lep\u0161ie osvetlenie mohlo sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 zlep\u0161enie stavu. Anal\u00fdzy sa l\u00ed\u0161ia v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na tom, do akej miery ber\u00fa do \u00favahy skres\u013euj\u00face prvky.<\/p>\n S oh\u013eadom na tieto probl\u00e9my nem\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 jednotliv\u00e9 izolovan\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za spo\u013eahliv\u00e9. V hodnoten\u00ed v\u00fdhod sledovania kamerami je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pozera\u0165 sa v\u017edy na s\u00fahrnn\u00e9 trendy nieko\u013ek\u00fdch r\u00f4znych \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed paralelne a\u00a0kl\u00e1s\u0165 zvl\u00e1\u0161tny d\u00f4raz najm\u00e4 na tie anal\u00fdzy, ktor\u00e9 boli vytvoren\u00e9 d\u00f4sledn\u00fdmi a\u00a0d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdmi autormi. Z toho d\u00f4vodu pova\u017euje Ministerstvo vn\u00fatra Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie tzv. meta-anal\u00fdzu za najlep\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0dostupn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov na sk\u00famanie \u00fa\u010dinnosti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch kamier.<\/p>\n \u00da\u010dinnos\u0165 verejn\u00e9ho kamerov\u00e9ho sledovania, ako n\u00e1stroja proti kriminalite, bola v poslednom desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed analyzovan\u00e1 v mnoh\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina v\u00fdskumov bola vykon\u00e1van\u00e1 vo Ve\u013ekej \u00a0Brit\u00e1nii, ktor\u00e1 sa, viac ne\u017e ktor\u00e1ko\u013evek in\u00e1 krajina, vyrovnala s roz\u0161\u00edrenou praxou pou\u017e\u00edvania bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch kamier. Verejn\u00e1 sie\u0165 sledovac\u00edch kamier je najrozsiahlej\u0161ia na svete (i ke\u010f \u010c\u00edna Ve\u013ek\u00fa Brit\u00e1niu r\u00fdchlo dobieha). Po\u010det sledovac\u00edch kamier v\u00a0Anglicku a Walese sa zv\u00fd\u0161il zo 100 ks v\u00a0roku 1990 na 40 000 v roku 2002. V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti presahuje po\u010det kamier 4,2 mili\u00f3nov kusov, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee 1 kamera pripad\u00e1 na 14 os\u00f4b. Centrum Lond\u00fdna je obklopen\u00e9 \u201eoce\u013eov\u00fdm prstencom\u201c sie\u0165ov\u00e9ho kamerov\u00e9ho monitorovacieho syst\u00e9mu, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 umo\u017eni\u0165 dodr\u017eiavanie z\u00e1konov sledovan\u00edm os\u00f4b, pohybuj\u00facich sa po meste, vyhodnocova\u0165 vzorky spr\u00e1vania a okam\u017eite reagova\u0165 na identifikovan\u00e9 hrozby.<\/p>\n Iba v roku 1990 minulo britsk\u00e9 ministerstvo vn\u00fatra 78% rozpo\u010dtu vyhraden\u00e9ho na trestn\u00e9 konania na sledovacie kamery a odhaduje sa, \u017ee celkovo minulo viac ne\u017e 500 mili\u00f3nov libier v\u00a0rokoch 1995 a\u017e 2005.<\/p>\n Ministerstvo vn\u00fatra zadalo nieko\u013eko k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed o \u00fa\u010dinnosti t\u00fdchto syst\u00e9mov v celej Brit\u00e1nii pomocou meta-anal\u00fdzy, ktor\u00e1 kombinuje v\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed s podobn\u00fdmi hypot\u00e9zami a\u00a0porovnate\u013en\u00fdmi metodick\u00fdmi krit\u00e9riami. To je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, preto\u017ee t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom sa odstr\u00e1nia anom\u00e1lie. Napr\u00edklad, obdobie po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii jedn\u00e9ho monitorovacieho syst\u00e9mu sa m\u00f4\u017ee zhodova\u0165 s obdob\u00edm prudk\u00e9ho\u00a0 poklesu kriminality, ale bez porovnania s in\u00fdmi scen\u00e1rmi nem\u00f4\u017eeme vedie\u0165, \u010di in\u0161tal\u00e1cia bola skuto\u010dne pr\u00ed\u010dinou poklesu (bli\u017e\u0161ie vysvetlenie merania efektivity z jednotliv\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed je v\u00a0inej \u010dasti \u010dl\u00e1nku). Meta-anal\u00fdza m\u00f4\u017ee poskytn\u00fa\u0165 jasnej\u0161\u00ed zmysel vplyvu kamier zahrnut\u00edm r\u00f4znych \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed a spriemerovan\u00edm ich v\u00fdsledku.<\/p>\n Jednotliv\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie poukazuj\u00fa na mierne \u00faspechy v niektor\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou na parkovisk\u00e1ch a\u00a0len pre niektor\u00e9 typy trestn\u00fdch \u010dinov, obvykle v\u0161ak len v kriminalite v oblasti motorov\u00fdch vozidiel. Tak \u010di onak v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed nepreukazuje \u017eiaden vplyv na celkov\u00fa trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 a\u00a0ke\u010f sa prepoj\u00ed v meta-anal\u00fdze, tak sa ukazuje, \u017ee kamerov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nem\u00e1 v\u00f4bec \u017eiaden \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vplyv na kriminalitu.<\/p>\n V\u00a0prvej \u0161t\u00fadii ministerstva vn\u00fatra Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie (UK Home Office) z\u00a0augusta 2002 Brandon C. Welsh a David P. Farrington presk\u00famali 22 \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov (ako vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii, tak aj v USA).<\/p>\n Welsh a Farrington za\u010dali so 46 \u0161t\u00fadiami, ktor\u00e9 sa na z\u00e1klade krit\u00e9ri\u00ed pre zaradenie do meta-anal\u00fdzy nakoniec z\u00fa\u017eili na po\u010det 18. Takmer polovica z 18 \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed ukazovala na zn\u00ed\u017eenie kriminality v\u00a0sledovanej oblasti, asi \u0161tvrtina uk\u00e1zala n\u00e1rast kriminality a ostatn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie nevykazovali \u017eiadny v\u00fdsledok. Welsh a Farrington potom vytvorili meta-anal\u00fdzu zahrnut\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed stanoven\u00edm koeficientu pre ka\u017ed\u00fa \u0161t\u00fadiu a\u00a0potom kombin\u00e1ciou t\u00fdchto koeficientov. Koeficient je \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 vyjadrenie \u010dist\u00e9ho efektu na z\u00e1krok, vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 na z\u00e1klade porovnania v\u00fdsledkov v experiment\u00e1lnej oblasti s kontrolnou. Koeficient 1 hovor\u00ed, \u017ee neexistuje \u017eiaden rozdiel v miere kriminality medzi experiment\u00e1lnou (sledovanou) oblas\u0165ou a\u00a0kontrolnou. Koeficient v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 ukazuje, \u017ee v oblastiach s kamerami doch\u00e1dza k men\u0161ej zlo\u010dinnosti, ne\u017e v kontrolovan\u00fdch oblastiach. A koeficient men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 ukazuje, \u017ee v oblasti s kamerami sa vyskytuje viac kriminality, ne\u017e v kontrolnej.<\/p>\n Ke\u010f Welsh a Farrington skombinovali koeficienty v\u0161etk\u00fdch 18 \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed zahrnut\u00fdch do meta-anal\u00fdzy, zistili, \u017ee priemer bol len o\u00a0nie\u010do m\u00e1lo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako 1, \u010do poukazuje na ve\u013emi mal\u00fd dopad na trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165. Ke\u010f sa to porovn\u00e1 z be\u017enou odch\u00fdlkou, vyzer\u00e1 by\u0165 tento vplyv \u0161tatisticky nev\u00fdznamn\u00fdm. Oblasti s kamerami nefunguj\u00fa lep\u0161ie, ne\u017e oblasti bez nich.<\/p>\n Za zmienku stoj\u00ed, \u017ee vo dvoch zahrnut\u00fdch oblastiach, kde kamery boli jedin\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00fdm opatren\u00edm, bez zv\u00fd\u0161enia pr\u00edtomnosti pol\u00edcie, zlep\u0161enia osvetlenia a pod., kamery nepreuk\u00e1zali \u017eiaden \u00fa\u010dinok na kriminalitu<\/b> v jednom z\u00a0pr\u00edpadov. A v druhom do\u0161lo dokonca ku zv\u00fd\u0161eniu \u00farovne kriminality. P\u00e4\u0165 z jeden\u00e1stich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 vyk\u00e1zali zn\u00ed\u017eenie kriminality, bolo zameran\u00fdch na kamerov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my umiesten\u00e9 na uzatvoren\u00fdch parkovisk\u00e1ch. Tieto \u0161t\u00fadie vykazuj\u00fa celkov\u00fd koeficient 1,7, av\u0161ak s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou boli aj in\u00e9 opatrenia, ako napr. lep\u0161ie osvetlenie, oplotenie, ozn\u00e1menie o umiesten\u00ed kamerov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a nav\u00fd\u0161enie bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee kamery m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 efekt\u00edvne pou\u017eit\u00e9 v \u00a0\u0161pecifick\u00fdch prostrediach ale iba v kombin\u00e1cii s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi prevent\u00edvnymi opatreniami<\/b>.<\/p>\n Kriminalisti Martin Gill a Angela Spriggs zverejnili komplexn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu \u0161trn\u00e1stich jednotliv\u00fdch miest vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii pre ministerstvo vn\u00fatra v\u00a0roku 2005, ktor\u00e1 zistila, op\u00e4\u0165 pomocou meta-anal\u00fdzy, \u017ee kamery nemali \u201e\u017eiadny celkov\u00fd vplyv\u201c na mieru kriminality.<\/p>\n Gill a Spriggsov\u00e1 dospeli k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee len jedna z trin\u00e1stich lokal\u00edt vyk\u00e1zala \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenie kriminality. Jedna lokalita bola vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00e1 za nesplnenie \u0161tatistick\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. T\u00e1to vyk\u00e1zala zn\u00ed\u017eenie omnoho vy\u0161\u0161ie, ne\u017e ostatn\u00e9, s koeficientom 1,38, \u010do je zn\u00ed\u017eenie len o\u00a0nie\u010do men\u0161ie ne\u017e 40% a bola to z\u00e1rove\u0148 lokalita s najdrah\u0161\u00edm kamerov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom, za viac ne\u017e 3 mili\u00f3ny libier. Tato oblas\u0165 je tie\u017e ovplyvnen\u00e1 \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edmi opatreniami, vr\u00e1tane zlep\u0161enia oplotenia a zlep\u0161enia bezpe\u010dnosti, aj ke\u010f tieto boli realizovan\u00e9 v dobe, ke\u010f bol kamerov\u00fd syst\u00e9m u\u017e plne nain\u0161talovan\u00fd a preto nemaj\u00fa skres\u013euj\u00faci vplyv na v\u00fdsledok.<\/p>\n I\u00a0ke\u010f anal\u00fdza Gilla a Spriggsovej zistila, \u017ee \u201ekamerov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my nemali \u017eiaden podstatn\u00fd vplyv na kriminalitu,\u201c \u0161t\u00fadia vykazuje celkovo lep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky pre kriminalitu v oblasti motorov\u00fdch vozidiel<\/b> v siedmych lokalit\u00e1ch. N\u00e1siln\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010diny sa l\u00ed\u0161ia. V \u0161tyroch mestsk\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch zahrnut\u00fdch do \u0161t\u00fadie vzr\u00e1stlo n\u00e1silie na osob\u00e1ch na troch miestach. Gill a Spriggsov\u00e1 predpokladaj\u00fa, \u017ee tieto zlo\u010diny m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 impulz\u00edvne a \u010dasto pod vplyvom alkoholu. Prizn\u00e1vaj\u00fa tie\u017e, \u017ee minim\u00e1lne v jednom pr\u00edpade mohlo d\u00f4js\u0165 k redukcii kriminality u motorov\u00fdch vozidiel jednoducho preto, \u017ee sa zn\u00ed\u017eil po\u010det automobilov na ulici<\/b>. Navy\u0161e l\u00fape\u017ee a\u00a0in\u00e1 majetkov\u00e1 trestn\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165, ktor\u00e9 v jednom pr\u00edpade vyk\u00e1zali zn\u00ed\u017eenie, sa z\u00e1rove\u0148 zv\u00fd\u0161ili posunom do oblast\u00ed pri\u013eahl\u00fdch ku sledovanej oblasti.<\/p>\n Gill a Spriggsov\u00e1 okrem toho zistili, \u017ee strach z toho, \u017ee sa \u010dlovek stane obe\u0165ou trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu, sa pred in\u0161tal\u00e1ciou a po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii kamier v\u00fdznamne nezmenil<\/b>, aj ke\u010f 69 \u2013 96 % op\u00fdtan\u00fdch os\u00f4b v 14 oblastiach priaznivo reagovalo na pl\u00e1ny na in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov.<\/p>\n V Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch bol vykonan\u00fd men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed kamerov\u00e9ho sledovania, preto\u017ee kamery s\u00fa osaden\u00e9 nesystematicky a\u00a0nevykon\u00e1va sa rozsiahle sie\u0165ovanie, i\u00a0ke\u010f Chicago a New York tento proces ned\u00e1vno za\u010dali. \u0160t\u00fadie nie s\u00fa v tomto pr\u00edpade dostato\u010dn\u00e9 pre vykonanie meta-anal\u00fdz zalo\u017een\u00fdch v\u00fdhradne na \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch v USA. Napriek tomu meta-anal\u00fdzy Welsha a Farringtona z roku 2002 porovn\u00e1vali lokality Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie a USA a\u00a0prehodnocovali porovnania v\u00a0roku 2004 v\u00a0roku nasleduj\u00facom.<\/p>\n Americk\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie, ktor\u00e9 sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pre meta-anal\u00fdzu, vyk\u00e1zali v\u0161eobecne hor\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky ne\u017e tie z Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie a\u00a0vyk\u00e1zali ne\u017eiaduce alebo nulov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165. Welsh a Farington pouk\u00e1zali na nieko\u013eko k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch rozdielov medzi syst\u00e9mami Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie a USA, ktor\u00e9 by to mohli vysvetli\u0165. Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed je rozdiel v dobe hl\u00e1senia, ktor\u00e1 v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie trv\u00e1 v\u0161eobecne dlh\u0161iu dobu. Aj tak je pod\u013ea Welshovej a Farringtonovej spr\u00e1vy pravdepodobne d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm faktorom to, \u017ee na kontroln\u00fdch miestach v USA ch\u00fdbaj\u00fa na rozdiel od Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie \u010fal\u0161ie vplyvy. Zatia\u013e \u010do dev\u00e4\u0165 zo \u0161trn\u00e1stich miest vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii pou\u017e\u00edva nieko\u013eko r\u00f4znych opatren\u00ed s\u00fa\u010dasne, napr. lep\u0161ie osvetlenie a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd po\u010det pe\u0161\u00edch hliadok, \u017eiadne z miest v USA nepou\u017eilo in\u00e9 opatrenie, ne\u017e kameru. Preto tieto \u0161t\u00fadie poskytuj\u00fa menej skreslen\u00fd poh\u013ead na vplyv kamier na mieru kriminality, ne\u017e ich pro\u0165aj\u0161ky vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii a ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee kamery samy o sebe nemaj\u00fa prakticky \u017eiadny vplyv na kriminalitu.<\/p>\n Nasleduj\u00fa dve predbe\u017en\u00e9 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie syst\u00e9mu mal\u00e9ho rozsahu, obe z Kalifornie, ktor\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010daj\u00fa predbe\u017en\u00e9 pos\u00fadenie vplyvu kamerov\u00e9ho sledovania na trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 v americk\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee 68 kamier San Franciska malo mal\u00fd vplyv na majetkov\u00fa trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165, ale \u017eiadny dopad na n\u00e1siln\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010diny.<\/p>\n Jenifer Kingov\u00e1 a\u00a0jej kolegovia v Centre pre v\u00fdskum informa\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed v z\u00e1ujme spolo\u010dnosti (CITRIS) a Samuelsova univerzitn\u00e1 klinika v Berkeley v Kalifornii vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe \u0161t\u00fadium vplyvu mal\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu kamerov\u00e9ho sledovania v San Francisku. V\u00a0marci 2008 publikovali predbe\u017en\u00e1 zistenia. Poh\u013eadom na s\u00fahrnn\u00e9 \u0161tatistiky o z\u00e1va\u017enej n\u00e1silnej trestnej \u010dinnosti a z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch majetkov\u00fdch zlo\u010dinoch pred a po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii kamier v \u0161tvrtiach s vysokou kriminalitou, skupina Kingovej zistila 22% pokles majetkovej trestnej \u010dinnosti v dosahu 30 m od kamier, ale \u017eiadne \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zmeny vo vzdialenosti 30 a\u017e 150 m<\/b>. Mohlo by sa zda\u0165, \u017ee kamery skuto\u010dne zni\u017euj\u00fa majetkov\u00fa trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165. Len\u017ee bez pr\u00ednosu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch s\u00fahrnn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed v meta-anal\u00fdze, nem\u00f4\u017eeme vedie\u0165, \u010di je toto zn\u00ed\u017eenie n\u00e1hoda, alebo nie.<\/p>\n Pokia\u013e ide o n\u00e1siln\u00fa trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165, zdalo sa, \u017ee v oblasti cca 150 m od kamier neboli zisten\u00e9 \u017eiadne \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zmeny v \u00farovni kriminality<\/b>. Ke\u010f boli n\u00e1siln\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010diny roz\u010dlenen\u00e9, uk\u00e1zalo sa zn\u00ed\u017eenie po\u010dtu zabit\u00ed v dosahu 75 m od kamier, ale toto zn\u00ed\u017eenie bolo kompenzovan\u00e9 \u00faplne zhodn\u00fdm n\u00e1rastom zabit\u00ed v oblasti 75 a\u017e 150 m od kamery, \u010do nazna\u010duje premiestnenie.<\/p>\n \u0160t\u00fadia tie\u017e vykonala predbe\u017en\u00fa anal\u00fdzu \u0161tatistiky trestnej \u010dinnosti 150 a\u017e 300 m od kamery, t.j. na z\u00e1klade dostupn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed od pol\u00edcie San Franciska, mimo dosah sledovania a zistila n\u00e1rast majetkovej trestnej \u010dinnosti v\u00a0oblasti od 150 do 220 m od kamier.<\/p>\n Toto by mohlo nazna\u010dova\u0165 presun z oblast\u00ed priamo sledovan\u00fdch kamerami, aj ke\u010f na zahrnutie poklesu majetkovej trestnej \u010dinnosti v oblasti 220 a\u017e 300 m od kamery je tento presun nepreuk\u00e1zate\u013en\u00fd.<\/p>\n Za zmienku stoj\u00ed fakt, \u017ee ke\u010f boli predbe\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadie Kalifornsk\u00e9 univerzity v Berkeley uverejnen\u00e9 v Kronike San Franciska, Ross Mikarimi, predseda predstavenstva V\u00fdboru verejnej bezpe\u010dnosti, reagoval na zrejm\u00fd nulov\u00fd vplyv na n\u00e1siln\u00fa trestn\u00fa \u010dinnos\u0165 kon\u0161tatovan\u00edm, \u017ee kamery vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa \u201epsychologick\u00fa \u00fa\u013eavu\u201c ob\u010danom, \u010do ospravedl\u0148uje ich existenciu<\/b>. Mesto medzit\u00fdm vynalo\u017eilo 900 000 USD za 68 kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov a m\u00e1 v rozpo\u010dtu \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 200 000 USD na \u010fal\u0161\u00edch 25 kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 sa maj\u00fa zamera\u0165 na n\u00e1siln\u00e9 aktivity gangov.<\/p>\n Predbe\u017en\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov v Los Angeles neukazuj\u00fa \u017eiadny vplyv na kriminalitu.<\/p>\n \u0160tudenti oboru politiky, \u00fazemn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1novania a rozvoja na Univerzite Ju\u017en\u00e1 Kalifornia \u00a0predali \u00daradu kalifornsk\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov v\u00a0m\u00e1ji 2008 spr\u00e1vu o \u00fa\u010dinkoch sledovania trestnej \u010dinnosti kamerami v dvoch oblastiach Los Angeles. Skupina sledovala p\u00e4\u0165 zo \u0161trn\u00e1stich kamier pozd\u013a\u017e bulv\u00e1ru Hollywood s\u00a0hustou prev\u00e1dzkou a \u0161es\u0165 kamier v obytnej \u0161tvrti Jordan Downs v mestskej \u0161tvrti Watts. \u0160t\u00fadia kon\u0161tatuje, \u017ee na rozdiel od kamerov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu San Franciska, v Los Angeles nebola analyzovan\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov mestom, ani inou \u00faradnou autoritou. M\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 preto, \u017ee zatia\u013e \u010do v San Francisku vznikli zna\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu \u00a0a \u00fadr\u017ebu kamier, kamery v\u00a0Los Angeles, vr\u00e1tane t\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 univerzitn\u00e1 skupina sledovala, boli in\u0161talovan\u00e9 v\u010faka s\u00fakromn\u00fdm darom<\/b> (napr\u00edklad na bulv\u00e1ri Hollywood daroval kamery mestu filmov\u00fd priemysel), alebo feder\u00e1lnych dot\u00e1ci\u00ed z programu americk\u00e9ho ministerstva vn\u00fatra. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd rozdiel medzi kamerov\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mami v Los Angeles a San Francisku je ten, \u017ee v\u00a0Los Angeles prebieha sledovanie akt\u00edvne a v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase, oproti pas\u00edvnemu monitorovaniu v San Francisku, na z\u00e1klade rozhodnutia mestskej rady.<\/p>\n Pri poh\u013eade na \u010d\u00edsla v\u00a0oboch lokalit\u00e1ch pre zistenie po\u010dtu trestnej \u010dinnosti pred a po in\u0161tal\u00e1cii, rovnako, ako z\u00e1znamov o\u00a0zadr\u017ean\u00fdch osob\u00e1ch, \u0161t\u00fadia nezistila \u017eiadny v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na kriminalitu v \u017eiadnej oblasti. N\u00e1siln\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti sa v oboch oblastiach zn\u00ed\u017eili, ale zn\u00ed\u017eenie bolo kompenzovan\u00e9 celkov\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm kriminality v okol\u00ed kontrolovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed<\/b> (i ke\u010f v obytnej \u0161tvrti Jordan Downs skupina odhadovala, \u017ee kamery m\u00f4\u017eu hra\u0165 rolu v prevencii v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho n\u00e1rastu trestnej \u010dinnosti v pomere k\u00a0okolit\u00fdm oblastiam, ke\u010f\u017ee t\u00e1to obytn\u00e1 \u0161tvr\u0165 bola v dobe vykon\u00e1vania \u0161t\u00fadie miestom vojny gangov). Skupina nebola schopn\u00e1 n\u00e1js\u0165 \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd d\u00f4kaz premiestnenia kriminality v \u017eiadnej oblasti.<\/p>\n Meta-anal\u00fdzy z Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nie, spolu s predbe\u017en\u00fdmi zisteniami z USA, v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom poukazuj\u00fa na to, \u017ee kamerov\u00e9 sledovanie m\u00e1 iba zanedbate\u013en\u00fd, alebo \u017eiadny pozit\u00edvny dopad na \u00farove\u0148 trestnej \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n Origin\u00e1l<\/b>: \u201eWhat Criminologists and Others Studying Cameras Have Found\u201c, Noam Biale, Advocacy Coordinator, ACLU Technology and Liberty Program, http:\/\/www.privacysos.org\/sites\/all\/files\/cameras_expert_findings.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Preklad a\u00a0koment\u00e1r<\/b>: Ivan Makat\u00fara<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Posledn\u00e9 roky sa \u010dasto stret\u00e1vame so snahou poslancov miest a\u00a0obc\u00ed, pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkov Mestsk\u00fdch pol\u00edci\u00ed, alebo \u010dlenov \u0161kolsk\u00fdch r\u00e1d presadi\u0165 in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu syst\u00e9mov priemyselnej telev\u00edzie do verejn\u00fdch priestorov. A\u00a0\u017eia\u013e, niekedy nielen verejn\u00fdch. T\u00e1to snaha je zd\u00f4vod\u0148ovan\u00e1 \u00fadajn\u00fdm pozit\u00edvnym vplyvom kamerov\u00e9ho doh\u013eadu na zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u00farovne zlomyse\u013en\u00e9ho konania v\u00a0sledovanom priestore. Neradi komuko\u013evek kaz\u00edme rados\u0165, no mus\u00edme si prizna\u0165, \u017ee zrejme […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2089,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[23,22],"class_list":["post-2084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prevencia","tag-it-kriminalita","tag-sukromie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/kamery.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3197,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/nevinna-fotka-na-socialnej-sieti-sa-moze-zmenit-na-vazny-problem\/","url_meta":{"origin":2084,"position":0},"title":"Nevinn\u00e1 fotka na soci\u00e1lnej sieti sa m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 na v\u00e1\u017eny probl\u00e9m","author":"Redakcia","date":"21. marca 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"...\u010fal\u0161\u00ed rozhovor pre redakciu novohrad.sme.sk\u00a0\u00a0 - cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nok preber\u00e1me v plnom znen\u00ed bez redak\u010dn\u00fdch \u00faprav. \u00a0 Gener\u00e1ciu s\u00fa\u010dasnej ml\u00e1de\u017ee naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa odborn\u00edci\u00a0 digit\u00e1lnymi domorodcami. \u201eJe to gener\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 od \u00fatleho veku ovl\u00e1da techniku na takej \u00farovni, o\u00a0akej sa jej rodi\u010dom a\u00a0u\u017e v\u00f4bec star\u00fdm rodi\u010dom ani nesn\u00edva,\u201c vysvet\u013euje bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fd \u0161pecialista\u00a0Jaroslav Oster.U\u017e v\u00a0materskej\u2026","rel":"","context":"V "Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165"","block_context":{"text":"Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/category\/itbezp\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"soci fotky","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/soci-fotky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/soci-fotky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/soci-fotky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/soci-fotky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2809,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/co-je-to-whistleblowing\/","url_meta":{"origin":2084,"position":1},"title":"\u010co je to whistleblowing?","author":"I. Makatura","date":"18. augusta 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"...Alebo pre\u010do si nezap\u00edska\u0165? Slovo \u201eWhistleblowing\u201c poch\u00e1dza z anglick\u00e9ho slovn\u00e9ho spojenia \u201eto blow the whistle\u201c (zap\u00edska\u0165 na p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alku), v zmysle - p\u00edskan\u00edm upozorni\u0165 na poru\u0161ovanie pravidiel. Tento term\u00edn vznikol z lingvistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska samovo\u013ene, niekedy u\u017e v \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia v USA. A\u017e ove\u013ea nesk\u00f4r, v roku 1985, publikovali autori\u2026","rel":"","context":"V "Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165"","block_context":{"text":"Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/category\/itbezp\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/whistleblowing.png?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/whistleblowing.png?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/whistleblowing.png?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/whistleblowing.png?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2369,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/vitaz-tvoj-clanok-moze-pomoct-2014\/","url_meta":{"origin":2084,"position":2},"title":"V\u00cd\u0164AZ: Tvoj \u010dl\u00e1nok m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 2014","author":"Redakcia","date":"8. decembra 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"S\u00fa\u0165a\u017e Tvoj \u010dl\u00e1nok m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 2014 je uko\u010den\u00e1 a my m\u00e1me n\u00e1\u0161ho v\u00ed\u0165aza. Je n\u00edm Nata\u0161a B\u00f4\u017eikov\u00e1 z SO\u0160 Levice. Ako sme s\u013e\u00fabili, \u010dl\u00e1nok uverej\u0148ujeme a v\u00ed\u0165azke gralujeme.\u00a0 \u00a0 Internet v\u00a0na\u0161om \u017eivote Nata\u0161a B\u00f4\u017eikov\u00e1, II.H, SO\u0160 Levice Svet u\u017e d\u00e1vno nie je bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 miesto. Neuvedomujeme si to, ale technol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e9\u2026","rel":"","context":"V "S\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee"","block_context":{"text":"S\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/category\/akcie\/sutaze\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/cover.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/cover.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/cover.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/cover.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6118,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/debatky-o-bezpecnosti-iii\/","url_meta":{"origin":2084,"position":3},"title":"Debatky o bezpe\u010dnosti III.","author":"Redakcia","date":"7. okt\u00f3bra 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"V tretej \u010dasti sme oslovili na\u0161u akt\u00edvnu \u010dlenku, autorku \u010dl\u00e1nkov pre n\u00e1\u0161 port\u00e1l Evu Markov\u00fa. Analyzuje, \u0161kol\u00ed, publikuje, venuje sa v\u00fdskumu... a vo vo\u013enom \u010dase vym\u00fd\u0161la aktivity v r\u00e1mci n\u00e1\u0161ho OZ. Zdroj obr\u00e1zku: AI Microsoft Copilot Designer, 2024 Ka\u017ed\u00fd podobn\u00fd rozhovor za\u010d\u00edname podobne a\u00a0tak sa nevyhneme tejto ot\u00e1zke ani dnes.\u2026","rel":"","context":"V "Debatky o bezpe\u010dnosti"","block_context":{"text":"Debatky o bezpe\u010dnosti","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/category\/itbezp\/debatky-o-bezpecnosti\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5405,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/je-ai-neskodna-alebo-sa-mame-coho-obavat\/","url_meta":{"origin":2084,"position":4},"title":"Je AI ne\u0161kodn\u00e1 alebo sa m\u00e1me \u010doho ob\u00e1va\u0165?","author":"J. Oster","date":"8. novembra 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Umel\u00e1 inteligencia a\u00a0pr\u00e1va du\u0161evn\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edctva Boom rozli\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov umelej inteligencie za posledn\u00fd rok je nespochybnite\u013en\u00fd. Sn\u00e1\u010f v\u00a0ka\u017edej oblasti \u013eudskej \u010dinnosti sme svedkami n\u00e1rastu ponuky platforiem postaven\u00fdch na technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch strojov\u00e9ho u\u010denia. U\u017e tu je zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom popieranie principi\u00e1lneho rozdielu medzi strojov\u00fdm u\u010den\u00edm (machine learning) a\u00a0umelou inteligenciou (AI). Pre tento \u010dl\u00e1nok sa\u2026","rel":"","context":"V "Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165"","block_context":{"text":"Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/category\/itbezp\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/AI-a-rizika.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/AI-a-rizika.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/AI-a-rizika.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/AI-a-rizika.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":79,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/je-tu-zas-dovolenkova-sezona-zvazujte-co-zverejnite-na-socialnych-sietach\/","url_meta":{"origin":2084,"position":5},"title":"Zas s\u00fa tu dovolenky – zva\u017eujte \u010do zverejn\u00edte na soci\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach a nie len to…","author":"J. Oster","date":"9. j\u00fana 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"A op\u00e4\u0165 tu m\u00e1me dovolenkov\u00fa sez\u00f3nu - cesty do zahrani\u010dia,\u00a0more, voda, slnko, koktailov\u00e9 poh\u00e1re s\u00a0d\u00e1\u017edni\u010dkami, rados\u0165 oddych.... a\u00a0k\u00a0tomu mobiln\u00e9 telef\u00f3ny, tablety, notebooky. Niekto aby mohol pracova\u0165 k\u00fdm, niekto pre z\u00e1bavu, niekto len tak aby nestratil spojenie so svetom.... rozhodli sme sa aktualizova\u0165 a roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 \u010dl\u00e1nok publikovan\u00fd pred dvomi rokmi. \u00a0\u2026","rel":"","context":"V "Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165"","block_context":{"text":"Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/category\/itbezp\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"zas su tu dovolenky","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/zas-su-tu-dovolenky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/zas-su-tu-dovolenky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/zas-su-tu-dovolenky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/zas-su-tu-dovolenky.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2084","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2084"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2084\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2092,"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2084\/revisions\/2092"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2084"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\u00davod<\/h1>\n
\u00daskalia anal\u00fdzy kamerov\u00fdch sledovac\u00edch syst\u00e9mov<\/h1>\n
Meta-anal\u00fdzy sledovac\u00edch syst\u00e9mov vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii<\/h1>\n
\u0160t\u00fadie ministerstva vn\u00fatra z\u00a0roku 2002<\/h2>\n
\u0160t\u00fadia ministerstva vn\u00fatra z roku 2005<\/h2>\n
\u0160t\u00fadie v USA poukazuj\u00fa na zanedbate\u013en\u00fd pozit\u00edvny dopad<\/h1>\n
Predbe\u017en\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia Kalifornskej univerzity v Berkeley<\/h2>\n
\u0160t\u00fadia Univerzity v Ju\u017enej Kalifornii<\/h2>\n
Z\u00e1ver<\/h1>\n
Literat\u00fara a odkazy<\/span><\/h4>\n
\n