{"id":2809,"date":"2015-08-18T07:00:45","date_gmt":"2015-08-18T05:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/?p=2809"},"modified":"2015-08-12T07:15:58","modified_gmt":"2015-08-12T05:15:58","slug":"co-je-to-whistleblowing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/co-je-to-whistleblowing\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010co je to whistleblowing?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><span style=\"color: #000080;\">&#8230;Alebo pre\u010do si nezap\u00edska\u0165?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Slovo \u201e<span style=\"color: #000080;\">Whistleblowing<\/span>\u201c poch\u00e1dza z anglick\u00e9ho slovn\u00e9ho spojenia \u201eto blow the whistle\u201c (zap\u00edska\u0165 na p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alku), v zmysle &#8211; p\u00edskan\u00edm upozorni\u0165 na poru\u0161ovanie pravidiel. Tento term\u00edn vznikol z lingvistick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska samovo\u013ene, niekedy u\u017e v \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia v USA. A\u017e ove\u013ea nesk\u00f4r, v roku 1985, publikovali autori M. P. Miceli a J. P. Near v \u010dasopise Journal of Business Ethics \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eOrganizational Dissidence: The Case of Whistle-Blowing, v ktorom sa po prv\u00fd kr\u00e1t objavila form\u00e1lna defin\u00edcia tohto v\u00fdrazu.<\/p>\n<p>Whistleblowing znamen\u00e1 dobromyse\u013en\u00e9 ozn\u00e1menie nelegit\u00edmnej, neetickej, alebo priamo protiz\u00e1konnej \u010dinnosti na pracovisku, ktor\u00e1 sa deje so s\u00fahlasom nadriaden\u00fdch a\u00a0je v rozpore s verejn\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmom, pr\u00edpadne ktor\u00e1 ohrozuje verejnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Odha\u013eovanie a dokazovanie poru\u0161ovania pravidiel (napr\u00edklad korupcie) m\u00e1 viacero slab\u00edn, pri\u010dom hlavn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom je nedostatok d\u00f4kazov. Korup\u010dn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie sa \u010dasto potichu toleruje a odhodlanie pouk\u00e1za\u0165 na existenciu korupcie nar\u00e1\u017ea na obavu oznamovate\u013ea o nasledovn\u00fd postih. Zaveden\u00edm princ\u00edpov whistleblowingu by mal by\u0165 preklenut\u00fd nedostatok ochrann\u00fdch mechanizmov pre potenci\u00e1lnych svedkov, oznamovate\u013eov protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Na Slovensku doteraz neexistovala \u017eiadna komplexn\u00e1 pr\u00e1vna \u00faprava v oblasti <span style=\"color: #000080;\">whistleblowingu<\/span>. To sa zmenilo 16. okt\u00f3bra 2014, ke\u010f N\u00e1rodn\u00e1 rada Slovenskej republiky prijala z\u00e1kon \u010d. 307 o niektor\u00fdch opatreniach, s\u00favisiacich s oznamovan\u00edm protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti. Tento z\u00e1kon upravuje podmienky poskytovania ochrany osob\u00e1m pred neopr\u00e1vnen\u00fdm postihom v pracovnopr\u00e1vnom vz\u0165ahu v s\u00favislosti s oznamovan\u00edm kriminality, alebo inej protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1va\u017enou protispolo\u010denskou \u010dinnos\u0165ou sa rozumej\u00fa trestn\u00e9 \u010diny po\u0161kodzovania finan\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1ujmov Eur\u00f3pskych spolo\u010denstiev (pod\u013ea \u00a7 261 a\u017e 263 Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona), trestn\u00e9 \u010diny machin\u00e1cie pri verejnom obstar\u00e1van\u00ed a verejnej dra\u017ebe (pod\u013ea \u00a7 266 Trestn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona), trestn\u00e9 \u010diny verejn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov, alebo trestn\u00e9 \u010diny korupcie. Ale rovnako tak protispolo\u010denskou \u010dinnos\u0165ou je\u00a0 konanie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00edce nie je trestn\u00fdm \u010dinom, spr\u00e1vnym deliktom ani priestupkom, ale p\u00f4sob\u00ed negat\u00edvne na spolo\u010dnos\u0165 a je spravidla z\u00e1kladom trestnej \u010dinnosti (napr\u00edklad nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 postupy, nadmern\u00e9 po\u017e\u00edvanie alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1pojov, agres\u00edvne spr\u00e1vanie, patologick\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010dstvo, vandalizmus, at\u010f.)<\/p>\n<p>Oznamovate\u013eom protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pod\u013ea tohto z\u00e1kona ka\u017ed\u00e1 fyzick\u00e1 osoba, ktor\u00e1 v dobrej viere urob\u00ed ozn\u00e1menie org\u00e1nu pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9mu na prijatie tak\u00e9hoto ozn\u00e1menia. Tu je potrebn\u00e9 zd\u00f4razni\u0165, \u017ee oznamovanie protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti sa u\u017e nepova\u017euje za poru\u0161enie zmluvnej povinnosti zachov\u00e1va\u0165 ml\u010danlivos\u0165, ani za poru\u0161enie povinnosti zachov\u00e1va\u0165 ml\u010danlivos\u0165 pod\u013ea osobitn\u00fdch z\u00e1konov.<\/p>\n<p>Ku kvalite spom\u00ednan\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, ako aj jeho uplatnite\u013enosti sa objavili i\u00a0r\u00f4zne kritick\u00e9 n\u00e1zory. Je v\u0161ak faktom, \u017ee doned\u00e1vna sa oznamovatelia museli spolieha\u0165 len na obmedzen\u00fa pr\u00e1vnu \u00fapravu prostredn\u00edctvom Z\u00e1konn\u00edka pr\u00e1ce. \u201e<span style=\"color: #000080;\">Z\u00e1kon o\u00a0whistleblowingu\u201c<\/span> nastavil jednotn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 pre v\u0161etky z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 strany. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm je ur\u010den\u00e9, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom m\u00e1 zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e prij\u00edma\u0165 a vybavova\u0165 podnety t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti. A\u00a0z\u00e1kon taktie\u017e\u00a0 priniesol mechanizmy ochrany oznamovate\u013eov.<\/p>\n<p>Zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eom vznikli z\u00e1konom nov\u00e9 povinnosti. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm, ka\u017ed\u00fd zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e, ktor\u00fd zamestn\u00e1va najmenej 50 zamestnancov, a zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e, ktor\u00fd je org\u00e1nom verejnej moci, je povinn\u00fd ur\u010di\u0165 osobitn\u00fa organiza\u010dn\u00fa zlo\u017eku alebo osobu (tzv. \u201ezodpovedn\u00fa osobu\u201c), ktor\u00e1 bude plni\u0165 \u00falohy zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea. Na z\u00e1klade zmluvy m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zodpovednou osobou aj osoba, ktor\u00e1 nie je v\u00a0pracovno-pr\u00e1vnom vz\u0165ahu s organiz\u00e1ciou. Ka\u017ed\u00fd zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e je povinn\u00fd prija\u0165 a preveri\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd podnet do 90 dn\u00ed od jeho prijatia.<\/p>\n<p>Podstatn\u00e9 je, \u017ee sp\u00f4sob pod\u00e1vania podnetov mus\u00ed by\u0165 verejne zn\u00e1my a pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch zamestnancov pr\u00edstupn\u00fd 24 hod\u00edn denne. \u0160pecificky to znamen\u00e1 vytvorenie webovej slu\u017eby, do ktorej je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u201czapisova\u0165\u201d hoci aj anonymn\u00e9 ozn\u00e1menia. Pr\u00edpadne umiestnenie po\u0161tovej schr\u00e1nky, ktor\u00e1 je v\u0161etk\u00fdm zamestnancom dostupn\u00e1 bez toho, aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 odpozorova\u0165, kto ku schr\u00e1nke pristupuje, pri\u010dom \u00a0zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e je povinn\u00fd pri preverovan\u00ed neanonymn\u00fdch podnetov zachov\u00e1va\u0165 ml\u010danlivos\u0165 o toto\u017enosti osoby, ktor\u00e1 podala podnet.<\/p>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e je povinn\u00fd vyda\u0165 vn\u00fatorn\u00fd predpis, v ktorom ur\u010d\u00ed podrobnosti o:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sp\u00f4sobe pod\u00e1vania podnetov,<\/li>\n<li>preverovan\u00ed podnetov a opr\u00e1vneniach zodpovednej osoby pri preverovan\u00ed podnetov,<\/li>\n<li>zachovan\u00ed ml\u010danlivosti o toto\u017enosti osoby, ktor\u00e1 podala podnet,<\/li>\n<li>evidovan\u00ed podnetov,<\/li>\n<li>oboznamovan\u00ed osoby, ktor\u00e1 podala podnet, s v\u00fdsledkom jeho preverenia,<\/li>\n<li>sprac\u00favan\u00ed osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov uveden\u00fdch v podnete.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u00fdmito po\u017eiadavkami vznik\u00e1 prienik medzi whistleblowingom a\u00a0informa\u010dnou bezpe\u010dnos\u0165ou. \u010citatelia si zaiste spomen\u00fa, \u017ee hlavn\u00fdm cie\u013eom informa\u010dnej bezpe\u010dnosti je zachovanie d\u00f4vernosti, integrity a\u00a0dostupnosti inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u010ci je teda z\u00e1kon o oznamovan\u00ed protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti dobr\u00fd alebo nie, ponech\u00e1me \u00favah\u00e1m pr\u00e1vnikov. To podstatn\u00e9 je, \u017ee oznamovanie, hoci aj anonymn\u00e9, m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdznamnou mierou prispie\u0165 k objasneniu z\u00e1va\u017enej protispolo\u010denskej \u010dinnosti, alebo k\u00a0zisteniu, pr\u00edpadne usved\u010deniu jej p\u00e1chate\u013eov. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm predpokladom oznamovania je, \u017ee ozn\u00e1menie je podan\u00e9 v dobrej viere, ktor\u00e1 vzh\u013eadom na okolnosti, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa oznamovate\u013eovi zn\u00e1me a vedomosti, ktor\u00fdmi oznamovate\u013e disponuje, vedie ku presved\u010deniu o pravdivosti uv\u00e1dzan\u00fdch skuto\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ivan Makat\u00fara<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8230;Alebo pre\u010do si nezap\u00edska\u0165? Slovo \u201eWhistleblowing\u201c poch\u00e1dza z anglick\u00e9ho slovn\u00e9ho spojenia \u201eto blow the whistle\u201c (zap\u00edska\u0165 na p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alku), v zmysle [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[32,113,48],"class_list":["post-2809","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-itbezp","tag-bezpecnost","tag-whistleblowing","tag-zamestnanec"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pojem Whistleblowing v skratke a najpodstatnej\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie o z\u00e1kone Whistleblowing-u resp. z\u00e1kon \u010d. 307 ktor\u00fd bol schv\u00e1len\u00fd NRSR v roku 2014.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"I. 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