{"id":3725,"date":"2020-04-20T16:20:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-20T14:20:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/?p=3725"},"modified":"2020-04-20T16:25:56","modified_gmt":"2020-04-20T14:25:56","slug":"dobry-sluha-zly-pan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/dobry-sluha-zly-pan\/","title":{"rendered":"Dobr\u00fd sluha, zl\u00fd p\u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aj tak mo\u017eno stru\u010dne, no v\u00fdsti\u017ene charakterizova\u0165 modern\u00e9 informa\u010dno-komunika\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie. Prelom 20. a\u00a021. storo\u010dia so sebou priniesol mno\u017estvo jeho fenom\u00e9nov \u2013 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, tablety, smartf\u00f3ny, internet, soci\u00e1lne siete, m\u00e9di\u00e1, hry a\u00a0mnoho \u010fal\u0161ieho. Tie sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa nielen m\u00ed\u013eov\u00fdch krokov vpred na poli vedy a\u00a0techniky, zmien v\u00a0\u017eivotnom \u0161t\u00fdle \u010di sp\u00f4soboch tr\u00e1venia vo\u013en\u00e9ho \u010dasu, ale bezprostredne sa dot\u00fdkaj\u00fa aj oblasti eventu\u00e1lnych soci\u00e1lnych devi\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo soci\u00e1lno-patologick\u00fdch javov. Smartf\u00f3n, tablet, virtu\u00e1lna realita, internet, by\u0165 on-line, no i\u00a0kyber\u0161ikanovanie, cybersex, happy slapping, spam \u010di nel\u00e1tkov\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti s\u00fa pojmy, ktor\u00e9 so sebou priniesol a\u017e glob\u00e1lny rozmach informa\u010dno-komunika\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a\u00a0ich prienik do v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed po celom svete. Av\u0161ak bez k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9ho prvku, ktor\u00fdm je internet, by drviv\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina produktov modernej techniky stratila svoje opodstatnenie. V\u010faka internetu m\u00e1me \u201ev\u0161etko\u201c poznanie \u013eudstva na dosah ruky, vieme sa spoji\u0165 s\u00a0osobou na opa\u010dnej strane zemegule, socializujeme sa do skup\u00edn, po\u010d\u00favame hudbu, pozer\u00e1me vide\u00e1, kreat\u00edvne tvor\u00edme, obchodujeme \u010di nakupujeme, vzdel\u00e1vame sa alebo, naopak, oddychujeme pri hran\u00ed hier a\u00a0pod. Virtu\u00e1lna realita v\u00a0spojen\u00ed s\u00a0modern\u00fdmi informa\u010dn\u00fdmi technol\u00f3giami m\u00e1 bezo sporu nespo\u010detn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo v\u00fdhod a\u00a0pozit\u00edvnych str\u00e1nok. Av\u0161ak, prin\u00e1\u0161a so sebou aj cel\u00fd rad negat\u00edvnych, ne\u017eiaducich, deviantn\u00fdch a\u017e patologick\u00fdch javov. Negat\u00edvne dopady modern\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed sa m\u00f4\u017eu t\u00fdka\u0165 kohoko\u013evek z\u00a0n\u00e1s, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 citliv\u00e9 v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 popul\u00e1cia det\u00ed a\u00a0ml\u00e1de\u017ee, a\u00a0to naj\u010dastej\u0161ie v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku ich nadmern\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edvania: osvojenie si negat\u00edvnych vzorcov spr\u00e1vania sledovan\u00edm nevhodn\u00fdch TV programov, filmov, nevodn\u00fdch obsahov na internete, hran\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch hier agres\u00edvnej povahy; ovplyv\u0148ovanie postojov a\u00a0n\u00e1zorov predov\u0161etk\u00fdm najmlad\u0161ej gener\u00e1cie.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nevhodn\u00e9 obsahy, prezentovan\u00e9 v\u00a0m\u00e9di\u00e1ch masovej komunik\u00e1cie, a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00fdm s\u00favisiace negat\u00edva v\u00a0rovine soci\u00e1lneho u\u010denia det\u00ed a\u00a0ml\u00e1de\u017ee (\u017eiakov), s\u00fa len jednou oblas\u0165ou z\u00a0mno\u017estva riz\u00edk s\u00fa\u010dasnej doby. \u010cast\u00e9 a\u00a0nadmern\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvanie informa\u010dno-komunika\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed v\u00a0ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote m\u00f4\u017ee postupom \u010dasu vies\u0165 k\u00a0vzniku a\u00a0rozvoju z\u00e1vislosti, ktor\u00e1 je nel\u00e1tkovej povahy.<\/p>\n

Pri \u201etradi\u010dn\u00fdch\u201c l\u00e1tkov\u00fdch z\u00e1vislostiach, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa napr\u00edklad alkoholizmus, kofeinizmus, tabakizmus \u010di r\u00f4zne formy toxikom\u00e1nie s\u00fa pr\u00edkladmi je ich vznik, rozvoj a\u00a0pretrv\u00e1vanie viazan\u00e9 na konkr\u00e9tnu u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fa l\u00e1tku (alkohol, k\u00e1va, cigarety, drogy, lieky a\u00a0pod.), ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed na pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 receptory v\u00a0mozgu \u010dloveka. Podobn\u00fa anal\u00f3giu v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017eeme identifikova\u0165 a\u00a0n\u00e1sledne aplikova\u0165 aj za predpokladu, kedy na telo (resp. receptory) nep\u00f4sob\u00ed \u017eiadna l\u00e1tka pr\u00edrodnej alebo syntetickej povahy, ale modern\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia. Z\u00e1vislos\u0165 tak dost\u00e1va nel\u00e1tkov\u00fd rozmer, kedy vznik\u00e1 pri opakovanom, chronickom a\u00a0nadmernom opakovan\u00ed ur\u010ditej \u010dinnosti, ktor\u00e1 prin\u00e1\u0161a nadmern\u00e9 uspokojenie (napr. hra na hrac\u00edch automatoch).\u201c[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Rizikov\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0nadmern\u00fdm vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm internetu \u010di technol\u00f3gi\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo prejs\u0165 do z\u00e1vislosti. Najnov\u0161ie v\u00fdskumy dokazuj\u00fa, \u017ee z\u00a0h\u013eadiska neurobiologick\u00fdch korel\u00e1tov u\u00a0\u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed maj\u00fa probl\u00e9my s\u00a0novodob\u00fdmi nel\u00e1tkov\u00fdmi z\u00e1vislos\u0165ami, boli identifikovan\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 predispoz\u00edcie na vznik a\u00a0rozvoj por\u00fach neurotransmisie v\u00a0mozgov\u00fdch okruhoch. Je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee odmenu zabezpe\u010duje p\u00f4sobenie dopam\u00ednu, endorf\u00ednu a\u00a0enkefal\u00ednov (pren\u00e1\u0161a\u010dov nervov\u00fdch impulzov v\u00a0mozgu). Pri nel\u00e1tkov\u00fdch z\u00e1vislostiach je u\u00a0\u013eud\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 miera vzru\u0161ivosti (excit\u00e1cie), ktor\u00e1 je spojen\u00e1 s\u00a0adrenergn\u00fdm neurotransmiterov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom. Deficity v\u00a0oblasti seroton\u00ednov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu zas zvy\u0161uj\u00fa hladinu impulzivity. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm faktorom je v\u0161ak pravdepodobne dopam\u00ednov\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u2013 v\u00fdsledky mnoh\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov poukazuj\u00fa pr\u00e1ve na poruchy tejto oblasti; pri\u010dom pri hran\u00ed hier (a najm\u00e4 potom v\u00ed\u0165azstv\u00e1ch v\u00a0t\u00fdchto hr\u00e1ch) doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0vyplavovaniu dopam\u00ednu.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Prepojenie internetu a s\u00favislos\u0165 medzi hran\u00edm (sa) a\u00a0\u010dastos\u0165 jeho vyu\u017e\u00edvania je rizikov\u00e9 najm\u00e4 u mladej gener\u00e1cii \u013eud\u00ed. Internet a\u00a0\u010fal\u0161ie progres\u00edvne informa\u010dno-komunika\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie l\u00e1kaj\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm najmlad\u0161ie vekov\u00e9 kateg\u00f3rie u\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u2013 deti s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 pri po\u010d\u00edta\u010di str\u00e1vi\u0165 dlh\u00e9 hodiny. Odpove\u010f je pomerne jednoduch\u00e1. Spo\u010d\u00edva v\u00a0tom, \u017ee deti a\u00a0rady hraj\u00fa, preto\u017ee hrov\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165 je pre ne najprirodzenej\u0161\u00edm zdrojom zdokona\u013eovania sa, u\u010denia a\u00a0tie\u017e socializ\u00e1cie. \u201eDeti v\u0161etk\u00fdch vekov\u00fdch kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed sa radi hraj\u00fa a\u00a0k\u00a0tomu im internet poskytuje nekone\u010dn\u00e9 pole p\u00f4sobnosti. Na po\u010d\u00edta\u010di je mo\u017en\u00e9 hra\u0165 interakt\u00edvne hry, prehr\u00e1va\u0165 si filmy a\u00a0hudbu r\u00f4znych \u017e\u00e1nrov, s\u0165ahova\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 programy, s\u00a0ktor\u00fdmi je mo\u017en\u00e9 pracova\u0165, a\u00a0pod. Pre star\u0161ie deti a\u00a0dospievaj\u00facich je toto elektronick\u00e9 m\u00e9dium zdrojom inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a\u00a0tie\u017e r\u00fdchlym n\u00e1strojom komunik\u00e1cie.\u201c[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Okrem nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, jeho fungovania (\u010di dysfunkcie) alebo prirodzenej potreby \u010dloveka po hravosti sa na rizik\u00e1ch vzniku nel\u00e1tkov\u00fdch (medi\u00e1lnych, technologick\u00fdch) z\u00e1vislost\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou mierou podie\u013eaj\u00fa aj faktory osobnostn\u00fdch \u010d\u0155t. Dokazuje to \u0161t\u00fadia americk\u00fdch akademikov Youngovej a\u00a0Rodgersa, publikovan\u00e1 v\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku Internetov\u00e1 z\u00e1vislos\u0165: osobnostn\u00e9 charakteristiky spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0jej v\u00fdvojom. <\/em>V\u00fdskumn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky poukazuj\u00fa na skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee osoby, ktor\u00e9 sa pova\u017eovali za z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od internetu, vykazovali vysok\u00e9 sk\u00f3re v\u00a0dimenzi\u00e1ch: emocion\u00e1lna citlivos\u0165, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 reaktivita, n\u00edzke sebavedomie a\u00a0nonkonformita. Zistilo sa, \u017ee tieto osobnostn\u00e9 \u010drty m\u00f4\u017eu p\u00f4sobi\u0165 ako sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010de z\u00e1vislosti, ktor\u00fdch cie\u013eom je splni\u0165 nenaplnen\u00fa psychologick\u00fa potrebu prostredn\u00edctvom on-line stimul\u00e1cie.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Podobne ako v\u00a0pr\u00edpade v\u0161etk\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vyn\u00e1lezov \u013eudstva, tak aj v\u00a0pr\u00edpade komunika\u010dn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed plat\u00ed, \u017ee tak, ako m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zmysluplne vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9, rovnako nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 vie by\u0165 ich zneu\u017e\u00edvanie. Jedn\u00fdm z\u00a0tak\u00fdchto konkr\u00e9tnych pr\u00edpadov zneu\u017eitia modern\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed je kyber\u0161ikanovanie. Ide o \u201edruh \u0161ikany, ktor\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edva elektronick\u00e9 prostriedky, ako s\u00fa mobiln\u00e9 telef\u00f3ny, e-maily, pagery, internet, blogy a\u00a0pod.\u201c[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Dominantn\u00fdm jadrom tak\u00e9hoto spr\u00e1vania je z\u00e1mern\u00e9 \u0161\u00edrenie \u0161kodliv\u00fdch alebo poni\u017euj\u00facich textov \u010di obr\u00e1zkov cez internet alebo mobiln\u00fd telef\u00f3n. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 dop\u013a\u0148a, \u017ee ide o\u00a0\u010din \u00famyseln\u00e9ho a\u00a0opakovan\u00e9ho po\u0161kodzovania inej osoby, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facej elektronick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Kyber\u0161ikanovanie poskytlo agresorom akoby nov\u00fa dimenziu v\u00a0realiz\u00e1ci\u00ed svojich agres\u00edvnych tendenci\u00ed. Tak\u00e1to forma ubli\u017eovania, poni\u017eovania \u010di po\u0161kodzovania in\u00e9ho \u010dloveka m\u00e1 narozdiel od priameho kontaktu agresora s\u00a0obe\u0165ou (tzv. tv\u00e1rou v\u00a0tv\u00e1r) nieko\u013eko \u0161pecif\u00edk: anonymita agresora dod\u00e1va p\u00e1chate\u013eovi pocit bezpe\u010dia v\u00a0tom zmysle, \u017ee sa domnieva, \u017ee mu na to nikto nepr\u00edde; anonymita pom\u00e1ha r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie \u201ezabudn\u00fa\u0165\u201c na nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9 pocity z\u00a0ubli\u017eovania in\u00e9mu, \u010do je z\u00e1rove\u0148 podporen\u00e9 nemo\u017enos\u0165ou priamo na vlastn\u00e9 o\u010di vidie\u0165, ako trp\u00ed \u0161ikanovan\u00e1 obe\u0165; kyber\u0161ikanovanie m\u00f4\u017ee prebieha\u0165 kdeko\u013evek a\u00a0po\u010das cel\u00e9ho d\u0148a \u2013 z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee obe\u0165 takejto formy \u0161ikany sa c\u00edti prenasledovan\u00e1 aj na subjekt\u00edvne bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch miestach, preto\u017ee \u010dasto nevid\u00ed \u017eiadnu mo\u017enos\u0165 \u00fakrytu, \u010do jednak stup\u0148uje jej psychick\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie a\u00a0m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 a\u017e k\u00a0celkovej ned\u00f4vere k\u00a0in\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Mgr. R\u00f3bert R\u00e1cz – psychol\u00f3g, kari\u00e9rov\u00fd poradca<\/p>\n

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<\/a>Zoznam pou\u017eitej literat\u00fary:<\/h1>\n

BARALDSNES, DZ. The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and the Views of 5-12 Grade Pupils and Teachers on Cyberbullying Prevention in Lithuanian Schools. In: Universal Journal of Educational Research. <\/em>[online]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: researchgate.net\/publication\/291827083<\/p>\n

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DULOVICS, M. 2012. Riziko vzniku medi\u00e1lnych z\u00e1vislost\u00ed u\u00a0\u017eiakov z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch a\u00a0stredn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l a\u00a0mo\u017enosti ich prevencie z\u00a0aspektu profesie soci\u00e1lneho pedag\u00f3ga. <\/em>Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica : Pedagogick\u00e1 fakulta UMB v\u00a0Banskej Bystrici, 2012. 94 s. ISBN: 978-80-557-0424-1.<\/p>\n

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ROGERS, V. 2011. Kyber\u0161ikana: pracovn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly pro u\u010ditele a\u00a0\u017e\u00e1ky i\u00a0studenty. <\/em>Praha : Port\u00e1l, 2011. 97 s. ISBN: 9788073679842<\/p>\n

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V\u00c1GNEROV\u00c1, K. a\u00a0kol. 2009. Minimalizace \u0161ikany: Praktick\u00e9 rady pro rodi\u010de. <\/em>Praha : Port\u00e1l, 2009. 152 s. ISBN: 978-80-7367-912-5.<\/p>\n

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YOUNG, S. K. \u2013 RODGERS, C. R. 1998. Internet Addiction: Personality Traits Associated with Its Development. <\/em>Pittsburgh : 1998. [online]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/db23\/6ea05987dd23aa895a22b5a8ce850bd74e69.pdf<\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> DULOVICS, M. Riziko vzniku medi\u00e1lnych z\u00e1vislost\u00ed u\u00a0\u017eiakov z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch a\u00a0stredn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l a\u00a0mo\u017enosti ich prevencie z\u00a0aspektu profesie soci\u00e1lneho pedag\u00f3ga. <\/em>Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica : 2012, s. 18-19<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> PUNNER, P. \u2013 HRONCOV\u00c1, J. Pedagogick\u00e9 a\u00a0psychologick\u00e9 aspekty patologick\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010dstva. In: DULOVICS, M. Riziko vzniku medi\u00e1lnych z\u00e1vislost\u00ed u\u00a0\u017eiakov z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch a\u00a0stredn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l a\u00a0mo\u017enosti ich prevencie z\u00a0aspektu profesie soci\u00e1lneho pedag\u00f3ga. <\/em>Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica : 2012, s. 20<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Novodob\u00e9 nel\u00e1tkov\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti \u2013 <\/em>infodrogy.sk. <\/em>[online]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: infodrogy.sk\/index.cfm?module=ActiveWeb&page=WebPage&DocumentID=3811<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> V\u00c1GNEROV\u00c1, K. a\u00a0kol. Minimalizace \u0161ikany: Praktick\u00e9 rady pro rodi\u010de. <\/em>Praha : 2009, s. 91<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> YOUNG, S. K. \u2013 RODGERS, C. R. Internet Addiction: Personality Traits Associated with Its Development. <\/em>Pittsburgh : 1998. [online]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/db23\/6ea05987dd23aa895a22b5a8ce850bd74e69.pdf<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> V\u00c1GNEROV\u00c1, K. a\u00a0kol. Minimalizace \u0161ikany: Praktick\u00e9 rady pro rodi\u010de. <\/em>Praha : 2009, s. 91-92<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> BARALDSNES, DZ. The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and the Views of 5-12 Grade Pupils and Teachers on Cyberbullying Prevention in Lithuanian Schools. In: Universal Journal of Educational Research. <\/em>[online]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: researchgate.net\/publication\/291827083<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> ROGERS, V. Kyber\u0161ikana: pracovn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly pro u\u010ditele a\u00a0\u017e\u00e1ky i\u00a0studenty. <\/em>Praha : 2011, s. 32<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aj tak mo\u017eno stru\u010dne, no v\u00fdsti\u017ene charakterizova\u0165 modern\u00e9 informa\u010dno-komunika\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie. Prelom 20. a\u00a021. storo\u010dia so sebou priniesol mno\u017estvo jeho fenom\u00e9nov \u2013 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, tablety, smartf\u00f3ny, internet, soci\u00e1lne siete, m\u00e9di\u00e1, hry a\u00a0mnoho \u010fal\u0161ieho. Tie sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa nielen m\u00ed\u013eov\u00fdch krokov vpred na poli vedy a\u00a0techniky, zmien v\u00a0\u017eivotnom \u0161t\u00fdle \u010di sp\u00f4soboch tr\u00e1venia vo\u013en\u00e9ho \u010dasu, ale bezprostredne sa dot\u00fdkaj\u00fa aj […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":3726,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[61],"tags":[32,86,117],"class_list":["post-3725","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prevencia","tag-bezpecnost","tag-kybersikana","tag-prevencia"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/eraser_bullying_scribbles_400_clr_20053.png?fit=376%2C400&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2055,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/ocenienie-najzodpovednejsi-preventista\/","url_meta":{"origin":3725,"position":0},"title":"Ocenenie: Najzodpovednej\u0161\u00ed Preventista","author":"J. 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