{"id":4255,"date":"2021-02-18T15:03:41","date_gmt":"2021-02-18T14:03:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/?p=4255"},"modified":"2021-02-28T08:55:28","modified_gmt":"2021-02-28T07:55:28","slug":"socialne-inzinierstvo-a-principy-presviedcania","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/socialne-inzinierstvo-a-principy-presviedcania\/","title":{"rendered":"Soci\u00e1lne in\u017einierstvo a princ\u00edpy presvied\u010dania"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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FOTO: canva.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

U\u017e tradi\u010dne sa za jeden z najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edch vektorov \u00fatokov pova\u017euje phishing<\/strong>. T\u00e1to forma soci\u00e1lneho in\u017einierstva ide cestou najmen\u0161ieho odporu a zneu\u017e\u00edva najslab\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nok ka\u017ed\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \u2013 \u010dloveka. Hoci existuj\u00fa technologick\u00e9 rie\u0161enia, ktor\u00fdch snahou je zamedzi\u0165 tak\u00fdmto spr\u00e1vam, aby sa dostali k adres\u00e1tovi, nie v\u017edy sa to podar\u00ed. Tob\u00f4\u017e  nie ak spr\u00e1va prich\u00e1dza z d\u00f4veryhodn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu, nad ktor\u00fdm \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk prevzal kontrolu. Efekt\u00edvna obrana preto v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku z\u00e1vis\u00ed len a len od bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho povedomia a n\u00e1vykov adres\u00e1ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co sa phishingu t\u00fdka, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u010dl\u00e1nkov doteraz rozoberala r\u00f4zne typy \u201epr\u00edbehov<\/em>\u201c, s ktor\u00fdmi odosielate\u013e vyrukoval, ako napr\u00edklad s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee, upozornenia, poh\u013ead\u00e1vky \u010di spr\u00e1vy od zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea. V z\u00e1vere tak\u00fdchto \u010dl\u00e1nkov sa typicky nach\u00e1dzali odpor\u00fa\u010dania, aby pou\u017e\u00edvatelia neotv\u00e1rali podozriv\u00e9, neo\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9 e-maily, skontaktovali sa s odosielate\u013eom prostredn\u00edctvom in\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la a podobne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na rozdiel od predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich \u010dl\u00e1nkov, tento prist\u00fapi k danej problematike systematickej\u0161ie a rozoberie phishing z poh\u013eadu psychol\u00f3gie. Text m\u00e1 za cie\u013e obozn\u00e1mi\u0165 \u010ditate\u013ea so vzorcami, resp. princ\u00edpmi, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa charakteristick\u00e9 pre \u201epsychologick\u00fa hru<\/em>\u201c soci\u00e1lneho in\u017einierstva, a nau\u010di\u0165 ho rozozn\u00e1va\u0165 ich . Po pre\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed textu by sa mal tak \u010ditate\u013e, ako potenci\u00e1lna obe\u0165, dok\u00e1za\u0165 lep\u0161ie br\u00e1ni\u0165 aj vo\u010di sofistikovanej\u0161\u00edm a cielenej\u0161\u00edm \u00fatokom, ktor\u00e9 vedia napodobni\u0165 re\u00e1lnu komunik\u00e1ciu d\u00f4veryhodnej\u0161ie, \u010di in\u00fdm podvodom na internete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princ\u00edpy presvied\u010dania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soci\u00e1lne in\u017einierstvo sa \u010dasto ozna\u010duje aj ako umenie presved\u010di\u0165, oklama\u0165, zmanipulova\u0165 \u010di dokonca \u201ehekn\u00fa\u0165\u201c \u010dloveka. Nech m\u00e1 u\u017e v\u0161ak ak\u00fdko\u013evek doplnok, v princ\u00edpe nejde o ni\u010d viac ne\u017e len o to, ako nen\u00e1siln\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom prin\u00fati\u0165 in\u00e9ho \u010dloveka vykona\u0165 nie\u010do, \u010do je v na\u0161om vlastnom z\u00e1ujme. Cie\u013eom tak\u00e9hoto spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho vplyvu je teda pozmeni\u0165 postoje, ciele alebo spr\u00e1vanie druhej osoby v n\u00e1\u0161 prospech. Phishing sa v tomto oh\u013eade sna\u017e\u00ed presved\u010di\u0165 adres\u00e1ta k tomu, aby poskytol utajovan\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie alebo vykonal nejak\u00fa akciu \u2013 napr\u00edklad stiahol si pr\u00edlohu alebo nav\u0161t\u00edvil prilo\u017een\u00fd link.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pri snahe zodpoveda\u0165 ot\u00e1zku ako presne si v\u0161ak \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci podrobuj\u00fa svoje obete je treba na\u010drie\u0165 do studnice poznania z oblasti marketingu, kde fenom\u00e9n presvied\u010dania hr\u00e1 hlavn\u00fa rolu. Americk\u00fd profesor Robert Cialdini vo svojej knihe Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion <\/em>identifikoval \u0161es\u0165 princ\u00edpov, ktor\u00fdmi spolo\u010dnosti ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa \u013eud\u00ed. Pr\u00e1ve na ich z\u00e1klade sa n\u00e1sledne za\u010dal v\u00fdskum psychol\u00f3gie soci\u00e1lneho in\u017einierstva, phishingu a podvodov na internete. Menovite ide o princ\u00edpy autority, spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho schv\u00e1lenia, n\u00e1klonnosti, odplaty, nedostatku, a z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov a z\u00e1sadovosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princ\u00edp autority<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u013dudia sa u\u017e odmala u\u010dia, aby neodporovali autorit\u00e1m a \u017ee by ich mali rad\u0161ej nasledova\u0165. \u010ci u\u017e vo vz\u0165ahu die\u0165a-rodi\u010d, zamestnanec-zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e alebo ob\u010dan-\u0161t\u00e1t, o\u010dak\u00e1va sa, \u017ee t\u00ed na ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poz\u00edci\u00e1ch bud\u00fa plni\u0165 pr\u00edkazy t\u00fdch nad nimi. Pri phishingu ide o pomerne zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd princ\u00edp presvied\u010dania, pri ktorom sa \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk sna\u017e\u00ed navodi\u0165 dojem, \u017ee odosielate\u013eom je pr\u00e1ve nejak\u00e1 tak\u00e1to autorita. V e-mailov\u00fdch spr\u00e1vach sa tento pr\u00edstup typicky prejavuje rozkazovac\u00edmi slovami \u201emus\u00edte\u201c, \u201eje treba\u201c alebo \u201epo\u017eadujeme\u201c. Pr\u00edkladom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 podvodn\u00e1 spr\u00e1va z IT oddelenia, ktor\u00e1 po v\u00e1s po\u017eaduje zmenu hesla k \u00fa\u010dtu na prilo\u017eenom linku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princ\u00edp n\u00e1klonnosti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nie ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek v\u0161ak re\u0161pektuje autority. Najm\u00e4 nie tie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa mu vzdialen\u00e9. Princ\u00edp n\u00e1klonnosti si zaklad\u00e1 pr\u00e1ve na tom, \u017ee sk\u00f4r ako autorit\u00e1m, niektor\u00ed \u013eudia maj\u00fa tendenciu d\u00f4verova\u0165 svojim bl\u00edzkym zn\u00e1mym a necha\u0165 sa nimi ovplyvni\u0165. Ak v\u00e1s \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk nepresved\u010d\u00ed v mene v\u00e1\u0161ho \u0161\u00e9fa, aby ste si stiahli do po\u010d\u00edta\u010da nejak\u00fd dokument, mo\u017eno sa mu to podar\u00ed, ke\u010f sa bude vyd\u00e1va\u0165 za osobu z v\u00e1\u0161ho okolia, napr\u00edklad suseda, kamar\u00e1ta zo strednej \u0161koly alebo kolegu z inej pobo\u010dky. Tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vy zvykn\u00fa vzbudzova\u0165 pocit v\u013e\u00fadnosti, priate\u013eskosti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princ\u00edp spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho schv\u00e1lenia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u010f sa o niektor\u00fdch \u013eu\u010foch hovor\u00ed, \u017ee sa spr\u00e1vaj\u00fa ako ovce, ide presne o pr\u00edpad princ\u00edpu spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho schv\u00e1lenia, kedy sa \u010dlovek rad\u0161ej podrob\u00ed n\u00e1zoru alebo konaniu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny, ne\u017e aby pou\u017eil vlastn\u00fa hlavu. Tak\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom nadob\u00fada pocit, \u017ee kon\u00e1 spr\u00e1vne a \u017ee hoci by sa aj nie\u010do pokazilo, s\u00e1m nebude nies\u0165 za to zodpovednos\u0165, preto\u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina spolo\u010dnosti schv\u00e1lila tento postoj. Takto zaslepen\u00ed \u013eudia s\u00fa pre \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkov \u013eahk\u00fdm cie\u013eom. Naletie\u0165 im m\u00f4\u017eu na falo\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy, ktor\u00e9 sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa prieskumov, pet\u00edci\u00ed, charity a in\u00fdch podobn\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed, do ktor\u00fdch sa zap\u00e1ja v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie mno\u017estvo \u013eud\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed len poznamena\u0165, \u017ee adres\u00e1t je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej vzorky \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed sa akt\u00edvne zap\u00e1jaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princ\u00edp odplaty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je prirodzen\u00e9, \u017ee ke\u010f v\u00e1m niekto urob\u00ed l\u00e1skavos\u0165, vy mu ju chcete vr\u00e1ti\u0165. Nikto predsa nechce zosta\u0165 nikomu ni\u010d dl\u017en\u00fd. Je to jedna z t\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, ktor\u00fa zdie\u013eaj\u00fa v\u0161etci \u013eudia naprie\u010d r\u00f4znymi kult\u00farami a ktor\u00e1 polo\u017eila z\u00e1kladn\u00fd kame\u0148 hospod\u00e1rstva menom barter. \u010co sa t\u00fdka phishingu, \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci v tomto pr\u00edpade radi rozosielaj\u00fa pouk\u00e1\u017eky na n\u00e1kup alebo z\u013eavu a jedin\u00e9, \u010do od v\u00e1s po\u017eaduj\u00fa na opl\u00e1tku je registr\u00e1cia na prilo\u017eenom linku, kde vypln\u00edte svoje meno a kontaktn\u00e9 \u00fadaje. Rovnako tak v\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017ee pr\u00eds\u0165 do e-mailovej schr\u00e1nky upozornenie, \u017ee sa v\u00e1m niekto ne\u00faspe\u0161ne pok\u00fasil prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do \u00fa\u010dtu. Hoci sa tak\u00e1to inform\u00e1cia v\u017edy hod\u00ed, prilo\u017een\u00fd link, ktor\u00fd by mal vies\u0165 k nastaveniam zabezpe\u010denia alebo kontrole aktiv\u00edt u\u017e v\u0161ak nemus\u00ed by\u0165 legit\u00edmny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princ\u00edp nedostatku<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cas je jedin\u00e1 komodita, ktor\u00fa si nemo\u017eno k\u00fapi\u0165. Ke\u010f v\u00e1s preto niekto vystav\u00ed do \u010dasovej tiesne, nechcete zbyto\u010dne str\u00e1ca\u0165 svoje ani jeho drahocenn\u00e9 min\u00faty vy\u010dk\u00e1van\u00edm a prem\u00fd\u0161\u013ean\u00edm. Pravdepodobne budete chcie\u0165 vyrie\u0161i\u0165 dan\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu \u010do najsk\u00f4r, a preto budete kona\u0165 sk\u00f4r un\u00e1hlene, a to aj za cenu men\u0161\u00edch ziskov na \u00fakor v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho rizika. Princ\u00edp nedostatku je typick\u00fd pre tzv. BEC podvody, pri ktor\u00fdch v\u00e1m \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk v mene v\u00e1\u0161ho \u0161\u00e9fa nariadi vykona\u0165 nejak\u00fa platbu okam\u017eite. Stretn\u00fa\u0165 sa s n\u00edm m\u00f4\u017eete ale aj pri akejko\u013evek ponuke na limitovan\u00fd tovar alebo tajn\u00e9 dokumenty \u010di upozornen\u00ed na vypr\u0161anie platnosti \u00fa\u010dtu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princ\u00edp z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov a z\u00e1sadovosti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loj\u00e1lnos\u0165, spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 \u010di zodpovednos\u0165. Ak\u00e1ko\u013evek pozit\u00edvna vlastnos\u0165, ktor\u00e1 vyvol\u00e1va pocit konzistentnosti a stability je \u017eiad\u00faca nielen pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eov, ale aj v be\u017enom \u017eivote. Tieto \u201eistoty\u201c ale nie s\u00fa jednosmern\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165. Napr\u00edklad, ak potrebujete peniaze, m\u00f4\u017eete sa spo\u013eahn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee v\u00e1m ich v\u00e1\u0161 zn\u00e1my alebo banka poskytne. Ale ak tento zn\u00e1my alebo banka vid\u00ed, \u017ee nie ste schopn\u00ed spl\u00e1ca\u0165 svoje z\u00e1v\u00e4zky, nemus\u00ed v\u00e1m u\u017e v bud\u00facnosti po\u017ei\u010da\u0165. Budovanie vlastnej z\u00e1sadovosti je preto to, na \u010dom si chcete zaklada\u0165. \u00dato\u010dn\u00edci t\u00fato va\u0161u vlastnos\u0165 zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa napr\u00edklad t\u00fdm, \u017ee si vopred zistia, o \u010do sa zauj\u00edmate, a n\u00e1sledne v\u00e1m za\u0161l\u00fa spr\u00e1vu s ponukou na dan\u00fa vec. V pr\u00edpade ponuky bytu do podn\u00e1jmu si v\u00e1s v prvom kroku m\u00f4\u017eu \u201epoisti\u0165\u201c \u017eiados\u0165ou o osobn\u00e9 \u00fadaje a n\u00e1sledne v druhom \u017eiados\u0165ou o z\u00e1lohu, resp. rezerv\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1verom<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u00f3ria n\u00e1m pom\u00e1ha odha\u013eova\u0165 z\u00e1konitosti, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm vieme predpoveda\u0165 bud\u00face dianie. Hoci princ\u00edpy presvied\u010dania \u010derpaj\u00fa v prvom rade z oblasti marketingu, po ich osvojen\u00ed sa v\u0161ak budete vedie\u0165 lep\u0161ie br\u00e1ni\u0165 vo\u010di phishingu a podvodom v bud\u00facnosti. Jedna vec je toti\u017e vedie\u0165 rozozna\u0165 podozriv\u00e9 prvky v spr\u00e1ve na konkr\u00e9tnom pr\u00edklade, ktor\u00fd pred v\u00e1s niekto predlo\u017e\u00ed. Druh\u00e1, \u0165a\u017e\u0161ia je u\u017e vedie\u0165 samostatne rozozn\u00e1va\u0165 \u010di ide o legit\u00edmnu spr\u00e1vu alebo sofistikovan\u00fd phishing, podvod. Pri rozhodovan\u00ed preto dbajte nielen na dodr\u017eiavanie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch z\u00e1sad, ale majte na pam\u00e4ti aj tieto princ\u00edpy. Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa chc\u00fa o nich dozvedie\u0165 viac, odpor\u00fa\u010dam publik\u00e1cie A Multi-Level Defense Against Social Engineering<\/em> od Davida Gragga alebo Understanding Scam Victims: Seven Principles for Systems Security<\/em> od Franka Stajana a Paula Wilsona, ktor\u00ed sa venovali princ\u00edpom v soci\u00e1lnom in\u017einierstve viac do h\u013abky.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

U\u017e tradi\u010dne sa za jeden z najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edch vektorov \u00fatokov pova\u017euje phishing. T\u00e1to forma soci\u00e1lneho in\u017einierstva ide cestou najmen\u0161ieho odporu a zneu\u017e\u00edva najslab\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nok ka\u017ed\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \u2013 \u010dloveka. Hoci existuj\u00fa technologick\u00e9 rie\u0161enia, ktor\u00fdch snahou je zamedzi\u0165 tak\u00fdmto spr\u00e1vam, aby sa dostali k adres\u00e1tovi, nie v\u017edy sa to podar\u00ed. Tob\u00f4\u017e  nie ak spr\u00e1va prich\u00e1dza z d\u00f4veryhodn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[32,88],"class_list":["post-4255","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-itbezp","tag-bezpecnost","tag-socialne-inzinierstvo"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1277,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/socialne-inzinierstvo-nechate-sa-nachytat-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":4255,"position":0},"title":"Soci\u00e1lne in\u017einierstvo-nech\u00e1te sa nachyta\u0165?","author":"T.Paulus","date":"5. septembra 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"Soci\u00e1lne in\u017einierstvo \u2013 nech\u00e1te sa nachyta\u0165? \u00a0 \u201eNad \u013eudskou\u00a0hl\u00fapos\u0165ou\u00a0nezv\u00ed\u0165az\u00edme. Ale nikdy nesmieme proti nej\u00a0presta\u0165 bojova\u0165.\u201c Jan Werich \u00a0 Mo\u017eno si pr\u00e1ve hovor\u00edte, \u017ee ste sa s\u00a0pojmom soci\u00e1lne in\u017einierstvo e\u0161te nestretli, no opak je pravdou. \u013dudsk\u00e1 hl\u00fapos\u0165, neopatrnos\u0165 a\u00a0nevedomos\u0165 n\u00e1s u\u017e od nepam\u00e4ti sprev\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na ka\u017edom kroku a\u00a0tak bolo len ot\u00e1zkou\u2026","rel":"","context":"V "Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165"","block_context":{"text":"Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165","link":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/category\/itbezp\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"manipulation","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/manipulation-2.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/manipulation-2.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/manipulation-2.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/preventista.sk\/info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/manipulation-2.jpg?fit=700%2C400&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1724,"url":"https:\/\/preventista.sk\/info\/spustite-siet-bezpecnost-a-ine-pojmy\/","url_meta":{"origin":4255,"position":1},"title":"„Spustite sie\u0165!“ – bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a in\u00e9 pojmy","author":"T.Paulus","date":"2. janu\u00e1ra 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Sie\u0165ov\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 \u00a0v skratke Sie\u0165ov\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 je jedn\u00fdm z\u00a0mnoh\u00fdch odborov informatiky. 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